Diabetes Management
Genetic Testing May Help Determine the Cause for Type 1 Diabetes
3 min read
By Apollo 24/7, Published on - 31 May 2021, Updated on - 29 August 2023
Share this article
0
4 likes
Diabetes is a global disease burden prevalent in almost every country of the world. Diabetes is characterised by an abnormal increase in blood sugar levels either due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells (type 1 diabetes) or due to the inability of the body to absorb insulin (type 2 diabetes). Insulin is a hormone that helps in maintaining blood sugar levels by converting it to energy.
While type 2 diabetes is generally the result of a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits, type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas completely. However, in a recent study, scientists from the University of California San Diego School of Medicine stated that a specific cellular dysfunction could be responsible for type 1 diabetes.
The recent study
The research published in the journal Nature on 19th May 2021 conducted the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of type 1 diabetes by analysing 5,20,580 samples and combined the results with the epigenomic maps of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (a type of stem cells found in bone marrow) and the cells of the pancreas.
Note: GWAS is a study to research the specific change in genetics that lead to a specific disease. On the other hand, epigenomics is a mapping system that determines when the genes are turned on and off in cells. Epigenomics helps in determining the production of proteins that are necessary for specific functions of the cells.
Scientists examined 4,48,142 cis-regulatory elements in the pancreas and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The cis-regulatory element (CRE) is a non-coding DNA, which means it does help in the formation of protein. However, any change or mutation in the CREs of a gene can result in a particular disease.
The results of the study
The researchers found that disease variants of type 1 diabetes were located in the T cells (a type of immune cells) and acinar and ductal cells of the exocrine pancreas. This means that there is a role of exocrine cells of the pancreas in the development of type 1 diabetes.
The pancreas has two types of cells; endocrine and exocrine. While endocrine cells produce insulin-releasing beta cells, the exocrine cells produce enzymes for the digestion of food. In this study, scientists concluded that the destruction of beta cells could be due to the dysfunction of the exocrine cells of the pancreas.
Can type 1 diabetes be cured?
There is no cure for type 1 diabetes yet. However, several therapies are being used to manage and treat the condition, some of which include:
- Insulin injections: It is the most widely used treatment for type 1 diabetes. Artificially made insulin helps in maintaining the levels of blood sugar levels of the body.
- Artificial pancreas: An artificial device that mimics the function of the pancreas by releasing insulin.
- Monoclonal antibodies: These are antibodies that prevent the attack of immune cells on the beta cells of the pancreas.
- Beta-cell macro and micro-encapsulation: In this therapy, the diabetic person is given macro/microcapsules containing islets of Langerhans, which carry beta cells. These cells then release insulin into the body.
- Stem cell transplant: In this therapy, stem cells, which can transform into beta cells, are given to the diabetic patient. These cells also improve the immune system of the body, thus improving the function of the remaining beta cells.
Conclusion
With this study, scientists concluded that though there is a significant role of the exocrine pancreas in the development of type 1 Diabetes. However, more large scale GWAS and epigenomics must be conducted to understand the cellular origin of this complex disease. Meanwhile, people who have family members suffering from type 1 diabetes must check their blood sugar levels frequently, as Type 1 diabetes is known to be genetically transferred. People suffering from type 1 diabetes must consult with their doctor regarding possible treatment options for their condition.
You can also manage your diabetes like a pro with Apollo 24|7's 12-week empower programme.
Diabetes Management
Consult Top Diabetologists
View AllLeave Comment
Recommended for you
Diabetes Management
Adding a Smile to Your Diabetes Management
Oral hygiene is crucial for diabetics. Diabetes increases the risk of gum diseases like tooth decay and cavities. Hence, regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups are essential for diabetics to maintain good oral health and support overall well-being.
Diabetes Management
Enjoy Navratri With These Diabetes-Friendly Sweets
Navratri festivities can be enjoyed with some conscious choices. Diabetes-friendly options include almond and coconut laddoos sweetened with substitutes, dates and nuts barfi, and semolina halwa with a sugar substitute. Yoghurt parfaits with berries, jaggery-based sweets in moderation, and baked versions of traditional treats are other smart choices. Fresh fruit chaat and saffron-infused milk offer a natural, healthy sweetness. It's important to remember that while these sweets offer healthier alternatives for individuals with diabetes, portion control is still crucial. Consulting with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized dietary guidance is recommended.
Diabetes Management
Does Diabetes Increase the Risk of Heart Disease in Younger Women?
A study found that women with diabetes, regardless of age, had the highest adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for coronary heart disease (CHD). Women under 55 years had a 10.71 aHR for CHD, while those over 75 years had a 3.47 aHR. Younger women showed more risk factors for CHD, including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity, smoking, and high lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) and LDL cholesterol levels. The study concluded that women under 55 years with type 2 diabetes face a tenfold higher risk of developing heart disease within two decades.
Subscribe
Sign up for our free Health Library Daily Newsletter
Get doctor-approved health tips, news, and more.
Visual Stories
8 Fruits That are Incredibly Healthy for Diabetes
Tap to continue exploring
Recommended for you
Diabetes Management
Adding a Smile to Your Diabetes Management
Oral hygiene is crucial for diabetics. Diabetes increases the risk of gum diseases like tooth decay and cavities. Hence, regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups are essential for diabetics to maintain good oral health and support overall well-being.
Diabetes Management
Enjoy Navratri With These Diabetes-Friendly Sweets
Navratri festivities can be enjoyed with some conscious choices. Diabetes-friendly options include almond and coconut laddoos sweetened with substitutes, dates and nuts barfi, and semolina halwa with a sugar substitute. Yoghurt parfaits with berries, jaggery-based sweets in moderation, and baked versions of traditional treats are other smart choices. Fresh fruit chaat and saffron-infused milk offer a natural, healthy sweetness. It's important to remember that while these sweets offer healthier alternatives for individuals with diabetes, portion control is still crucial. Consulting with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized dietary guidance is recommended.
Diabetes Management
Does Diabetes Increase the Risk of Heart Disease in Younger Women?
A study found that women with diabetes, regardless of age, had the highest adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for coronary heart disease (CHD). Women under 55 years had a 10.71 aHR for CHD, while those over 75 years had a 3.47 aHR. Younger women showed more risk factors for CHD, including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity, smoking, and high lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) and LDL cholesterol levels. The study concluded that women under 55 years with type 2 diabetes face a tenfold higher risk of developing heart disease within two decades.